Product Information
Structural beam warehouse steel structural building also called Pre-Engineered Metal Buildings (PEMB) or simply Engineered Metal Buildings (EMB) is a steel structure built over a structural concept of primary and secondary members, and roof sheeting connected to each other. The structural members are custom designed to be high in strength as well as lighter in weight.
At present Steel is the material of choice for all in building construction, compared to concrete and timber. Thus steel building designs have become more flexible, durable and adaptable. In future too the choice of steel building will have the same effect as on today.
A.Structural Beam Warehouse Steel Structural Building CONSISTS OF FOLLOWING MAIN COMPONENTS::
Primary Sections Column,Rafters
Secondary Sections Purlins, Tie rods, Eave Strut, Rake angles, Girts
Cranes and Mazzanines.
Roofing and Cladding Roof Panel and Wall Panel
Accessories Canopy, Turbo Vent, Ridge Vent, Gutters, Crane Runways,
Insulations, Louvers, Roof curb, Sealants, Fasteners etc
B.USE OF STRUCTURAL BEAM WAREHOUSE STEEL STRUCTURAL BUILDING
PEB concept has been very successful and well established in North America, Australia and is presently expanding in U.K and other European countries. PEB is ideal for construction in remote & hilly areas due to its low cost and fast completion. PEB concept has acted as a catalyst in the infrastructure development of the country. Single storied houses for residential purposes take minimum time for construction and can be built in any type of geographic location like extreme hot, extreme cold hilly areas, high rain prone areas, plain land and seismic zones etc. The PEB rigid frame comprises of built-up members with tapered or straight columns and tapered rafters. The frame is erected by bolting the end plates of connecting sections together.
C.APPLICATION
STRUCTURAL BEAM WAREHOUSE STEEL STRUCTURAL building systems finds primary application in construction of
Warehouses and
construction of Industrial Buildings. The recent focus has also shifted to cover Rural as well as urban, individual and mass housing projects, farmhouses and slum rehabilitation projects.
Application of pre-engineered steel buildings has also included the following:
PEB Structures are fabricated to the end user's requirement in a factory and erected at site, which leads to saving of time.
PEB is ideal for
Factory Buildings, Warehouses, Aircraft Hangars, Indoor Stadiums, Fuel Stations, Metro Stations, Bus Terminals, Parking Lots, Schools, and Outdoor Stadiums with canopies where the intermediate columns are to be avoided.
PEB is ideal for
Show Rooms, Office Complexes, Commercial Complexes & Supermarkets.
PEB is ideal for
Labour Camps, Community Centers, Equipment housing , Telecommunication shelters,
Airports, Railway Stations & Railway Storage yards, Exhibition Halls etc. due to its aesthetics look.
PEB is ideal for buildings in City Area where land cost is too high.
PEB is ideal for buildings that need to be relocated to other places.
PEB is ideal for buildings that are to be built faster.
PEB is ideal for Residential Sectors .
PEB is ideal for Buildings that need to be expanded in future
D.THE MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS OF STRUCTURAL BEAM WAREHOUSE STEEL BUILDINGS ARE AS BELOW:
PRIMARY BUILT UP MEMBERS
High grade steel plate conforming to Grade 345 Type 1 carrying minimum Yield Strength of 34.5kN/cm2. It is factory Pained with a Minimum of 40 microns (DFT) of red oxide primer.
SECONDARY MEMBERS:
Galvanized high grade steel conforming to Structural quality Grade 50 with zinc coating G90, Available in 1.5 mm, 1.75 mm, 2.0 mm and 2.5 mm thicknesses having minimum Yeild Strength as 34.5 kN/cm2.
BRACING SYSTEMS :
M.S. Rod bracing shall conform to Structural Components of Grade 36 or equivalent with minimum yield stress of 34.5KN/cm2.
SPECIFICATION OF STEEL:
Flange & web material for buildup section of all PEB structural member are fabricated from high grade steel plate conforming IS: 2062, ASTM AS 572 50, Grade 345 type. Purlins are secondary members of steel structure are cold formed Z & C shaped section are made of high grade steel conforming to ASTM A607 grade 50.
Photos of structural beams
E.FABRICATION CAPABILITIES TO MEET CLIENT NEEDS
It is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a place and transporting complete assemblies or sub-assemblies to the site where the structure is to be located. Off-site fabrication offers advantages to help achieve significant time and cost savings, support fast-track project schedules and reduce risks such as adverse weather conditions and labor shortages.
Structural beam warehouse steel buildings offered by us are based on PEB concept, and are widely known for their exclusive designs and compactness. Our range of Pre Engineered Buildings includes PEB, Prefab Buildings, Industrial Sheds, Prefab Sheds, Metal Roofing, Wall Cladding, Metal Decking, Cee-Zed Purlins, PUF Panels, Insulated Sandwitch Panels, Metal False Ceiling, Turbo Roof Vents, Insulation and FRP-Polycarbonate Sheets.
F.Advantages of Fabrication
Early fabrication design to improve constructability
Modularization-specific designs
Focused material and equipment procurement planning to support off-site fabrication
Advanced sourcing methods / Established global supplier partners (SRA)
Global market knowledge / Global purchasing volume
Supply chain / Logistics / Expediting
Quality control / Quality assurance
We offer a flexible approach to fabrication solutions, with a range of fabrication options to fit Clients' specific needs.
Thanks to experienced engineers and technicians and well thought-out logistics processes, we are able to guarantee our clients maximum quality and on-time delivery. These prerequisites enable our group of companies to continue and to increase their efforts to develop further innovative prefabricated element sytems into the future despite keen competition, and to respond with flexibility to all market requirements.
Advantages |
|
Faster installation |
Single source responsibility |
Lower cost |
Flexibility in expansion |
Large clear spans |
Quality control |
Low maintenance |
Energy efficient roof and wall systems |
Architectural versatility |
Optimized design of steel reducing weight |
Quick delivery and Quick turn-key construction. |
Water-tight roofs & wall coverings |
Pre-painted and has low maintenance requirement. |
The building can be dismantled and relocated easily. |
Clear spans up to 100m without internal columns |
Flexibility in building dimensions |
Fixed deadlines and costs |
|
Weather-tight roof and wall coverings with accessories for long maintenance free exteriors. |
Name
|
Specification
|
Length
|
Single slope, double slope, muti slope
|
Width
|
Single span, double-span, Multi-span
|
Height
|
single floor, double floors
|
Column
|
Q235, Q345 welding H section steel
|
Beam
|
Q235, Q345 welding H section steel
|
Purlin
|
Q235 C channel or Z channel
|
Knee brace
|
Q235 angle steel
|
Vertical and transversal support
|
Q235 angle steel, round bar or steel pipe
|
Tie ba r
|
Q235 steel pipe
|
Brace
|
Q235 round bar
|
Sleeve
|
Q235 steel pipe
|
Cladding system
|
sandwich panels (EPS, PU, Fiber glass wool etc.) or can use corrugated steel sheet
with fiber glass wool insulation and steel wire gauze.
|
Pa r tition wall
|
sandwich panels (EPS, PU, Fiber glass wool etc.)
|
Second floor
|
floor deck
|
Second floor office
|
fiber cement board floor panel or checkered steel plate
|
Stair:
|
Q235 steel structure with checkered steel plate
|
Ventilation:
|
ventilator
|
Door
|
sandwich panel sliding door or roller door
|
Windows
|
PVC or Aluminum
|
Water
|
Provided plan, design and technical service.
|
Electricity
|
Provided plan, design and technical service.
|
Gutter
|
stainless steel or color steel sheet
|
Rainspout:
|
PVC
|
Live load on roof
|
In 120kg/Sqm (Color steel panel surrounded)
|
Wind resistance grade
|
12
|
Earthquake-resistance
|
8 degree
|
| 1. Opinions |
1)We can supply all kinds of steel structures, steel building, metal building, modular house, steel frame for warehouse, workshop, garage etc, steel beams, other riveting and welding parts. |
| 2)We can also make and develop new parts according to customers' drawings and detailed dimensions. |
2. Specifications
|
1)Size: MOQ is 100m2, width X length X eave height, roof slope |
| 2)Type: Single slope, double slope, muti slope; Single span, double-span, Multi-span, single floor, double floors! |
| 3) Base: Cement and steel foundation bolts |
| 4) Column and beam: Material Q345(S355JR)or Q235(S235JR) steel, all bolts connection! Straight cross-section or Variable cross-section! |
| 5) Bracing: X-type or V-type or other type bracing made from angle, round pipe, etc |
| 6) C or z purlin: Size from C120~C320, Z100~Z200 |
| 7) Roof and wall panel: Single colorfull corrugated steel sheet0.326~0.8mm thick, (1150mm wide), or sandwich panel with EPS, ROCK WOOL, PU etc insulation thickness around 50mm~100mm, |
| 8)Accessories: Semi-transparent skylight belts, Ventilators, down pipe, Glavanized gutter, etc |
| 9)Surface: Two lays of Anti-rust Painting! |
| 10) Packing: Main steel frame without packing load in 40' OT, roof and wall panel load in 40' HQ! |
| 3. Design Parameters |
If you need we design for you, pls supply us the following parameter together with detail size: |
| 1)Live load on roof(KN/M2) |
| 2)Wind speed(KM/H) |
| 3)Snow load (KG/M2) |
4)Earthquake load if have
5) Demands for doors and windows |
| 6)Crane (if have), Crane span, crane lift height, max lift capacity, max wheel pressure and min wheel pressure! |
KXD's H Section Manufacturing Equipment and Process
Steel plate cutting→H section assembly→Automatic welding-H section strengthening→Assembly→Manual welding→Shot blasting-Painting→
Storage
I.Steel plate cutting
The H section steel plate should be checked again by the factory and shall be applied under the condition of up to design and specified requirements after checking. Steel plate cutting should be aimed at quality guarantee and material saving. For each process like plate cutting,H type assembly, components assembly and pre-assembly should be carried out by profession setting-out worker precisely on processing surface and assembly sample plates.To guarantee the accuracy of the components'geometrical dimension,tolerance of form and position, angle and contact surface,inspection is necessary by inspector after setting out.In order to ensure the cutting quality,the surface of the ultra-thick plate is subjected to the surface carburizing hardness test before cutting.The CNC cutting equipment is preferred for cutting.The high purity 98.0% acrylic gas and 99.99% liquid oxygen gas are used to guarantee the smoothness and flatness of the cutting surface without notches and slags.The groove is cut by a special imported cutting machine.
Equipment name: Portable CNC Fire-cutting machine
Model No.: CNCDG-1530
Application feature: steel plate cutting(5-100mm plate cutting thickness), beveling of the edge.Advantageous in small equipment and easy-to-move. Mainly for cutting regular and irregular small components and beveling of the plate.
Equipment name:Straight flame cutting machine
Model No.:DZCG-4000A
Application feature:steel plate cutting(5-100mm plate cutting thickness),Y flange plate, web plate cutting, effective cutting width: 3200mm
Equipment name:CNC cutting machine
Model No.:CNC-4000C
Application feature:steel plate cutting(5-100mm plate cutting thickness),Y flange plate,web plate and irregular component cutting,effective cutting width: 3200mm
Equipment name: Radial drilling machine
Model No.:Z3050*16/1
Application feature:Maximum drilling diameter φ50mm,Mainly for processing of component bolt-connection holes
Equipment name:Puncher machine
Model No.:JH21-400
Application feature:Maximum stamping pressure-400 ton,Mainly for plate punching, blanking, bending and shallow stretching
Equipment name:Shearing machine
Model No.:Q11Y-25*2500
Application feature:cutting width 2500mm and cutting thickness 3-25mm
II.H section steel assembly
The assembly process is set up on the imported H section production line.4 hydraulic positioning system press firmly against between the upper/lower flange and web plates in position. The adjust the parallelism of the flange plates and perpendicularity between flange and web plates and get them fixed after. The fixing welding should adopt C02 gas shielded welding.
Equipment name:H section steel assembly machine
Model No.:Z20B
Application feature:mainly for H type assembly u,flange width 150-800mm,web height 160-2000 mm
III.Automatic welding
The H section steel members will be hoisted into the gantry-type submerged arc automatic welding machine for welding.The welding process should be carried out in accordance with specified welding sequence and regulation parameters.Preheating, which uses the electrical heaters, is necessary for the ultra-thick plates of components.The set temperature shall be determined based on the specified one.Please see factory welding process documents for detail.
Equipment name: Gantry-type submerged arc automatic welding machine
Model No.:LHA5ZB
Application feature:Mainly for assembly welding of H section steel whose maximum cross section up to 800mm×2000mm
IV.H section steel strengthening machine
H section steel strengthening process: Correction of flange flatness by using H section steel flange plate strengthening machine.Flame-correct the perpendicularity between the H section flange and web plate under special circumstances and then correct the side bending of the H section steel. The flame temperature should be controlled under the range of 600~800ºC.
Equipment name:H section steel strengthening machine
Model No.:YTJ60B
Application feature:Mainly for correcting the deformation of I beam or H section steel flange plate during welding process,flange width 200-1000mm, flange thickness≤60mm, web height≥350mm
Equipment name:H section flange strengthening machine
Model No.: HYJ-800
Application feature:Mainly for correcting the deformation of I beam or H section steel flange plate during welding process,flange width 160-800mm,flange thickness≤40mm,web height≥160mm
V.Simulated assembly of component
1.Get familiar with component shop drawing and technical requirements.
2.The model components need to re-check by related department after making and finalizing of the model components and then to assemble.
3.Accurate mark-up
4.Inspect the component after first assembly.For multi-group components, pre-assembly for the first group and then batch assembly after qualified test.
VI.Manual welding
VII.Shot blasting
Equipment name:10-ramming heads shot blasting machine
Model No.:QH1525
Application feature:Mainly for shot blasting of section steels including H section steel, welded members and steel plate,10 ramming head; Machine entry size:1500Í2500 and member at 1200Í2000 size could pass the machine at once; up to Sa2.5 Grade.
VIII.Painting
The surface of the members should be in even,flat, glossy and full painting without manifest of cracking, peeling and pin holing.The color and coating thickness should also meet design requirements.If there is no certain requirements,the following standards should be followed:thickness is 150μm indoor while 125μm outdoor.The allowable deviation is -25μm.The allowable deviation of dry paint film thickness for each-time painting
Two coats of primer:thickness being40±5μm; Two coats of finish paint:thickness being 60±5μm.
Equipment name:Airless sprayer
Model No.:CPQ9CA
Application feature: Derived capacity:56 L/min,Air consumption:50~1200 L/min.Mainly for surface paint of structural members, Pressure ration: 32:1
Process, fabrication and quality control standard on welding groove/beveling of steel structure
1. Purpose
To ensure the welding quality, meeting up the technical requirements of welded members and improve the standardization of our fabrication, we specially formulate this regulation.
2. Application scope
This manual apply for the design, fabricate and inspection of groove joint in terms of manual arc welding, CO2 arch welding, mixed gas arch welding, submerged arc welding and electroslag welding.
3. Design of welding groove
3.1 Key points on design welding groove:
In order to obtain quality groove, it is necessary to choose appropriate form of groove. The option of groove mainly depends on the thickness of base metal, welding method and craftsmanship requirements.The followings are the factors we need to consider:
- minimize the amount of filler metal
- easy for beveling
- in convenience for welding operation and slag removal
- After welding stress and deformation should be as small as possible
3.2 Groove direction:
We will consider the following factors for the groove direction:
A)in favor of welding process and removing slag and leave enough space for welding process on the fusion face
B)minimize the times of flip-flop during welding
C)way of fit-up in actual welding
3.3. Regulation on groove direction of members:
3.3.1 Butt welding on H section rafter/column (when CJP-complete joint penetration and single side fusion is required)
1) When there is no welding backing, the groove orientation on flange plates should be same and falls on the direction in favor of welding on web plats(same rules apply for the PJP situation). Please refer to illustration 1
2)When there is welding backing, we require the groove direction being outward for the flange plates(opposite direction for web plates) and still falls on the direction in favor of welding on web plates. Please refer to illustration 2
3)Butt-welding on construction site:we require all the grooves should be bevelled on the upper rafter/column when it comes to bolt connection for web plates(see illustration 3). For the scenario of welding on web plates, please refer to the illustration 4.
3.3.2 Box column(groove on itself).See illustration 5
4. Welding groove form
4.1. Mark on form and size of welding joint groove:
Example: Shielded metal arch welding, complete joint penetration, butt welding, I shape groove, welding backing and single side weld would be marked MC-BI-BS1
4.2. For the mark of welding method and penetration type, please see the following chart 1.
Chart 1 Mark on welding method and penetration type
| Mark |
Welding method |
Penetration type |
| MC |
Shielded metal arch welding |
CJP-complete joint penetration |
| MP |
PJP-partial joint penetration |
| GC |
Shielded arch welding
Self-shielded arc welding |
CJP-complete joint penetration |
| GP |
PJP-partial joint penetration |
| SC |
Submerged arc welding |
CJP-complete joint penetration |
| SP |
PJP-partial joint penetration |
| SL |
Electroslag welding |
|
4.3. For the mark of single, double side welding and backing material type, please see the following chart 2
Chart 2 Single/double side welding and backing material type mark
| Backing material type |
Single/double side welding |
| Mark |
Material |
Mark |
Single/double side welding |
| BS |
Metal backing |
1 |
Single side welding |
| BF |
Other backing |
2 |
Double side welding |
4.4. Mark on each part size of groove, see chart 3.
Chart 3 Size mark on groove
| Mark |
Size of each part on groove |
| t |
Thickness of welding plate(mm) |
| b |
Groove root gap or gap between two members(mm) |
| h |
Groove depth(mm) |
| p |
Groove roof face(mm) |
| α |
Groove angle(º) |
Process, fabrication and quality control standard on welding groove/beveling of steel structure
1. Purpose
To ensure the welding quality, meeting up the technical requirements of welded members and improve the standardization of our fabrication, we specially formulate this regulation.
2. Application scope
This manual apply for the design, fabricate and inspection of groove joint in terms of manual arc welding, CO2 arch welding, mixed gas arch welding, submerged arc welding and electroslag welding.
3. Design of welding groove
3.1 Key points on design welding groove:
In order to obtain quality groove, it is necessary to choose appropriate form of groove. The option of groove mainly depends on the thickness of base metal, welding method and craftsmanship requirements.The followings are the factors we need to consider:
- minimize the amount of filler metal
- easy for beveling
- in convenience for welding operation and slag removal
- After welding stress and deformation should be as small as possible
3.2 Groove direction:
We will consider the following factors for the groove direction:
A)in favor of welding process and removing slag and leave enough space for welding process on the fusion face
B)minimize the times of flip-flop during welding
C)way of fit-up in actual welding
3.3. Regulation on groove direction of members:
3.3.1 Butt welding on H section rafter/column (when CJP-complete joint penetration and single side fusion is required)
1) When there is no welding backing, the groove orientation on flange plates should be same and falls on the direction in favor of welding on web plats(same rules apply for the PJP situation). Please refer to illustration 1
2)When there is welding backing, we require the groove direction being outward for the flange plates(opposite direction for web plates) and still falls on the direction in favor of welding on web plates. Please refer to illustration 2
3)Butt-welding on construction site:we require all the grooves should be bevelled on the upper rafter/column when it comes to bolt connection for web plates(see illustration 3). For the scenario of welding on web plates, please refer to the illustration 4.
3.3.2 Box column(groove on itself).See illustration 5
4. Welding groove form
4.1. Mark on form and size of welding joint groove:
Example: Shielded metal arch welding, complete joint penetration, butt welding, I shape groove, welding backing and single side weld would be marked MC-BI-BS1
4.2. For the mark of welding method and penetration type, please see the following chart 1.
Chart 1 Mark on welding method and penetration type
| Mark |
Welding method |
Penetration type |
| MC |
Shielded metal arch welding |
CJP-complete joint penetration |
| MP |
PJP-partial joint penetration |
| GC |
Shielded arch welding
Self-shielded arc welding |
CJP-complete joint penetration |
| GP |
PJP-partial joint penetration |
| SC |
Submerged arc welding |
CJP-complete joint penetration |
| SP |
PJP-partial joint penetration |
| SL |
Electroslag welding |
|
4.3. For the mark of single, double side welding and backing material type, please see the following chart 2
Chart 2 Single/double side welding and backing material type mark
| Backing material type |
Single/double side welding |
| Mark |
Material |
Mark |
Single/double side welding |
| BS |
Metal backing |
1 |
Single side welding |
| BF |
Other backing |
2 |
Double side welding |
4.4. Mark on each part size of groove, see chart 3.
Chart 3 Size mark on groove
| Mark |
Size of each part on groove |
| t |
Thickness of welding plate(mm) |
| b |
Groove root gap or gap between two members(mm) |
| h |
Groove depth(mm) |
| p |
Groove roof face(mm) |
| α |
Groove angle(º) |
Applicable Codes
LATEST INTERNATIONAL CODES COMPLIANCE
A. (GB50009-2012): Load code for the design of building structures
Loads on all buildings are applied in accordance with:
2012 edition of the Load code for the design of building structures
B. (MOHURD): Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China
Manufacturing and Erection tolerances are applied as per:
GB50205-2001 edition Code for acceptance of construction quality of steel structures
C.(MOHURD): Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of ChinaHot rolled sections and built up sections are designed in accordance with:
GB50017-2017 Code for design of steel structure
D. CISA - China Iron & Steel Association - Latest Edition
Cold formed members are designed in accordance with:
GB50018-2002 Technical code of cold-formed thin wall steel structures
E. (MOHURD): Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China
Welding is applied in accordance with:
JGJ81-2002 Technical specification for Welding of steel structure of building
F. Surface treatments are applied in accordance with:
GB/T 8923.1 Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products-Visual assessment of surface cleanliness-Part 1: Rust grades and preparation grade of uncoated steel substrates and of steel substrates after overall removal of previous coatings
STRICT DEFLECTION CRITERIA
| Deflection |
Type of structural members |
Deflection Limitation |
| Vertical Deflection |
Portal frame rafter |
Only support corrugated steel sheets roof and cold-formed section purlins |
L/180 |
| If there is ceiling system |
L/240 |
| If there is top running crane |
L/400 |
| Mezzanine floor |
Main beam |
L/400 |
| Secondary beam |
L/250 |
| Purlins |
Only support corrugated steel sheets roof |
L/150 |
| If there is ceiling system |
L/240 |
| Corrugated roof steel sheet |
L/150 |
| Lateral Deflection |
Wall panel |
L/100 |
| Wind columns or wind truss structures |
L/250 |
| Wall beam |
Only support corrugated steel sheet wall |
L/100 |
| Support masonry wall |
L/180 and ≤50mm |
Material Specifications
The material standards for which the building components have been designed as per specifications.
STANDARD MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS
| Material Specifications |
| No |
Components |
Specifications |
Minimum yield strength |
Applicable Design Code |
| 1 |
Built -up
(Plates) |
GB/T1591-2008 |
Fy = 34.5 kN/cm2 |
CISA - China Iron & Steel Association - Latest Edition |
| 2 |
Hot Rolled |
Angles |
GB/T3274-2007 |
Fy = 23.5 kN/cm2 |
CISA - China Iron & Steel Association - Latest Edition |
Beams |
GB/T11263-2010 |
Fy = 23.5 kN/cm2 |
CISA - China Iron & Steel Association - Latest Edition |
| 3 |
Cold Form
|
Galvanized |
GB/T 2518-2008 |
Fy = 45.0 kN/cm2 |
CISA - China Iron & Steel Association - Latest Edition |
| 4 |
Roof panel/Wall panel
(Zinc) |
GB/T12754-2006 |
Fy = 34.5 kN/cm2 |
CISA - China Iron & Steel Association - Latest Edition |
| 5 |
Roof panel/Wall panel
(Alu) |
GB/T12754-2006 |
Fy = 34.5 kN/cm2 |
CISA - China Iron & Steel Association - Latest Edition |
| 6 |
X-Bracing |
Galvanized cable bracing |
GB/T 700-2006 |
Fu = 157 kN/cm2 |
CISA - China Iron & Steel Association - Latest Edition |
| 7 |
Anchor bolts
|
GB/T 700-2006 |
Fu = 40.0 kN/cm2 |
CISA - China Iron & Steel Association - Latest Edition |
| 8 |
High strength Bolts |
GB/T 1228-2006 |
Ft = 30.3 kN/cm2
Fu = 72 to 83 kN/cm2 |
CISA - China Iron & Steel Association - Latest Edition |
| 9 |
Machine Bolts
|
GB/T 1228-2006 |
Ft = 13.8 kN/cm2
Fu = 41.0 kN/cm2 |
CISA - China Iron & Steel Association - Latest Edition |
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